EMISTRY
4
Occurrence and Extraction of Metals
MODULE - 6
Chemistry of Elements
Copper
India does not have rich copper ore deposits. The total reserves
of the ore in the country are estimated around 60 crore tonnes.
Major ore producing areas are Singhbum district (Bihar), Balaghat
district (Madhya Pradesh) and Jhunjhunu district (Rajasthan).
Zinc and Lead India has no significant deposits of lead ores. Lead and Zinc have
been located at Zawar mines near Udaipur (Rajasthan) and at
Hazaribagh (Jharkhand), Sargipalli mines in Orissa and
Bandalamottu lead project in Andhra Pradesh. Some reserves have
been located in Gujarat and Sikkim.The total reserves are estimated
at about 360 million tonnes in which lead content is estimated to
be around 5 million tonnes and zinc to be around 16 million tonnes.
Tin
Deposits of tinstone ( )
SnO2 are found in Hazaribagh (Jharkhand)
and Orissa.
Silver
India does not possess rich silver deposits. Gold from Kolar fields
and Hutti gold fields (Karnataka) and lead-zinc ores of Zawar
mines (Rajasthan) contain some silver.
Titanium
Ilmenite ( )
FeTiO3 is recovered from beach sands of Kerala and
Tamil Nadu. The estimated reserves are around 100 to 150 million
tonnes.
Sodium :
Tincal or Native borax ( )
247 2
Na B O .10H O
is found in Ladakh and
Kashmir.
16.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTION OF
METALS
The process of extracting the metals from their ores and refining them is called
metallurgy. The choice of the process depends upon the nature of the ore and the
type of the metal. The metal content in the ore can vary depending upon the
impurities present and chemical composition of the ore. Some common steps
involved in the extraction of metals from their ores are :
(i) Crushing and pulverization
(ii) Concentration or dressing of the ore
(iii) Calcination or roasting of the ore
(iv) Reduction of metal oxides to free metal
(v) Purification and refining of metal.
16.2.1. Crushing and Pulverization
The ore is generally obtained as big rock pieces. These big lumps of the ore are
crushed to smaller pieces by using jaw-crushers and grinders. It is easier to work
with crushed ore. The big lumps of the ore are brought in between the plat2110146072Traditional cultures are very important to the society of this modern The best football club in the world will win in the championship EMISTRY
4
Occurrence and Extraction of Metals
MODULE - 6
Chemistry of Elements
Copper
India does not have rich copper ore deposits. The total reserves
of the ore in the country are estimated around 60 crore tonnes.
Major ore producing areas are Singhbum district (Bihar), Balaghat
district (Madhya Pradesh) and Jhunjhunu district (Rajasthan).
Zinc and Lead India has no significant deposits of lead ores. Lead and Zinc have
been located at Zawar mines near Udaipur (Rajasthan) and at
Hazaribagh (Jharkhand), Sargipalli mines in Orissa and
Bandalamottu lead project in Andhra Pradesh. Some reserves have
been located in Gujarat and Sikkim.The total reserves are estimated
at about 360 million tonnes in which lead content is estimated to
be around 5 million tonnes and zinc to be around 16 million tonnes.
Tin
Deposits of tinstone ( )
SnO2 are found in Hazaribagh (Jharkhand)
and Orissa.
Silver
India does not possess rich silver deposits. Gold from Kolar fields
and Hutti gold fields (Karnataka) and lead-zinc ores of Zawar
mines (Rajasthan) contain some silver.
Titanium
Ilmenite ( )
FeTiO3 is recovered from beach sands of Kerala and
Tamil Nadu. The estimated reserves are around 100 to 150 million
tonnes.
Sodium :
Tincal or Native borax ( )
247 2
Na B O .10H O
is found in Ladakh and
Kashmir.
16.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTION OF
METALS
The process of extracting the metals from their ores and refining them is called
metallurgy. The choice of the process depends upon the nature of the ore and the
type of the metal. The metal content in the ore can vary depending upon the
impurities present and chemical composition of the ore. Some common steps
involved in the extraction of metals from their ores are :
(i) Crushing and pulverization
(ii) Concentration or dressing of the ore
(iii) Calcination or roasting of the ore
(iv) Reduction of metal oxides to free metal
(v) Purification and refining of metal.
16.2.1. Crushing and Pulverization
The ore is generally obtained as big rock pieces. These big lumps of the ore are
crushed to smaller pieces by using jaw-crushers and grinders. It is easier to work
with crushed ore. The big lumps of the ore are brought in between the plat
